QUANTIFICATION OF NEURAL ELEMENTS IN POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT: COMPARISON BETWEEN HEALTHY KNEES AND WITH PRIMARY OSTEOARTHROSIS.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the neural elements in the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in healthy knees and with primary osteoarthrosis (OA). METHODS: In two groups with OA, one of cadavers and another of individuals, the area of neural elements identified in histological sections of PCL with anti-S100 immunohistochemistry was quantified. RESULTS: The overall mean area of the neural elements was 0.96% ± 0.67%, with the value in the cadaver group of 1.02% ± 0.67% and in the OA group of 0.80% ± 0.64%, with a significant statistically difference (p = 0.001). No correlation was observed between neural element quantification and the age of the individuals (p > 0.05). There was no difference in the quantification of neural elements between the sexes in the cadaver group (p = 0.766), but in the OA group there was a statistically significant reduction in males (p = 0.003). Also, in the osteoarthrosis group there was no difference in the quantification of neural elements in the knees with varus or valgus alignment (p = 0.847). CONCLUSION: There was a decrease in neural element quantification in PCL of individuals affected by OA in relation to non-arthritic individuals, with this quantification not related to age or with the axis of the lower limb. However, this quantification is not related to age or the axis of the lower limb. Level of Evidence III, Case control study.

OBJETIVO: Quantificar os elementos neurais no ligamento cruzado posterior (LCP) em joelhos hígidos e com osteoartrose primária (OA). MÉTODOS: Em um grupo de cadáveres e outro de indivíduos com ao, foi realizada a quantificação da área dos elementos neurais identificados em cortes histológicos do LCP com imunohistoquímica anti-S100. RESULTADOS: A média geral da área dos elementos neurais foi 0,96% ± 0,67%, com o valor no grupo cadáver de 1,02% ± 0,67% e no grupo OA de 0,80% ± 0,64%, havendo uma diferença estatisticamente significante (p = 0,001). Não se observou correlação entre a quantificação dos elementos neurais e a idade dos indivíduos (p > 0,05). Não se observou diferença na quantificação dos elementos neurais entre os sexos no grupo cadáver (p = 0,766), mas no grupo OA se observou redução estatisticamente significante no sexo masculino (p = 0,003). No grupo OA não houve diferença na quantificação dos elementos neurais nos joelhos com alinhamento varo ou valgo (p = 0,847). CONCLUSÃO: Foi demonstrada uma redução na quantificação dos elementos neurais no LCP de indivíduos acometidos por OA em relação aos indivíduos não artrósicos, com essa quantificação não tendo relação com idade nem com o eixo do membro inferior. Nível de evidência III, Estudo de caso controle.

Quantification of neural elements in posterior cruciate ligament: comparison between healthy knees and with primary osteoarthrosis / Quantificação dos elementos neurais no ligamento cruzado posterior: comparação entre joelhos hígidos e com osteoartrose primária

ABSTRACT Objective: To quantify the neural elements in the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in healthy knees and with primary osteoarthrosis (OA). Methods: In two groups with OA, one of cadavers and another of individuals, the area of neural elements identified in histological sections of PCL with anti-S100 immunohistochemistry was quantified. Results: The overall mean area of the neural elements was 0.96% ± 0.67%, with the value in the cadaver group of 1.02% ± 0.67% and in the OA group of 0.80% ± 0.64%, with a significant statistically difference (p = 0.001). No correlation was observed between neural element quantification and the age of the individuals (p > 0.05). There was no difference in the quantification of neural elements between the sexes in the cadaver group (p = 0.766), but in the OA group there was a statistically significant reduction in males (p = 0.003). Also, in the osteoarthrosis group there was no difference in the quantification of neural elements in the knees with varus or valgus alignment (p = 0.847). Conclusion: There was a decrease in neural element quantification in PCL of individuals affected by OA in relation to non-arthritic individuals, with this quantification not related to age or with the axis of the lower limb. However, this quantification is not related to age or the axis of the lower limb. Level of Evidence III, Case control study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Quantificar os elementos neurais no ligamento cruzado posterior (LCP) em joelhos hígidos e com osteoartrose primária (OA). Métodos: Em um grupo de cadáveres e outro de indivíduos com ao, foi realizada a quantificação da área dos elementos neurais identificados em cortes histológicos do LCP com imunohistoquímica anti-S100. Resultados: A média geral da área dos elementos neurais foi 0,96% ± 0,67%, com o valor no grupo cadáver de 1,02% ± 0,67% e no grupo OA de 0,80% ± 0,64%, havendo uma diferença estatisticamente significante (p = 0,001). Não se observou correlação entre a quantificação dos elementos neurais e a idade dos indivíduos (p > 0,05). Não se observou diferença na quantificação dos elementos neurais entre os sexos no grupo cadáver (p = 0,766), mas no grupo OA se observou redução estatisticamente significante no sexo masculino (p = 0,003). No grupo OA não houve diferença na quantificação dos elementos neurais nos joelhos com alinhamento varo ou valgo (p = 0,847). Conclusão: Foi demonstrada uma redução na quantificação dos elementos neurais no LCP de indivíduos acometidos por OA em relação aos indivíduos não artrósicos, com essa quantificação não tendo relação com idade nem com o eixo do membro inferior. Nível de evidência III, Estudo de caso controle.

Study on collagen parameters in vulvar cancer and preneoplastic lesions by Second Harmonic Generation microscopy.

The extracellular matrix plays an important role in cellular balance, and collagen fibers are its most important component. Over the last few years, second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy has been used for the analysis of collagen fibers in several types of gynaecological cancers, such as breast and ovarian cancer. The value of collagen parameters obtained with this technique to gain insights on the physiopathology and on the prognostic evaluation of cancer has been advocated. Herein, we have characterized the collagen fibers in squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) and preneoplastic lesions using the SHG microscopy. Collagen parameters, quantity, organization, and uniformity, of VSCC, adjacent skin of VSCC or preneoplastic lesions were compared with values obtained in normal tissue of healthy control. There was an evident decrease in the values of collagen fiber parameters in the VSCC. Increased quantity and uniformity of tumor associated collagen fibers were associated with the presence of lymph node metastases, which suggest a prognostic value of such parameters in the evaluation of vulvar cancer.

[Assessment of Service to verify the cause of death implementation in Pernambuco State, Brazil, 2012: multiple case study]. / Avaliação da implantação dos Serviços de Verificação de Óbito em Pernambuco, 2012: estudo de casos múltiplos.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the implementation of Death Verification Services in Pernambuco State, Brazil, in 2012. METHODS: this was an implementation analysis evaluation study; we constructed a logical framework and judgement matrix were prepared; primary data (direct observation and interviews) and secondary data were used; assessment of the level of Death Verification Services implementation was based on outcome-related structure and process indicators which were compared with the logical framework. RESULTS: the Recife and Caruaru Death Verification Services were considered to have achieved Advanced Partial Implementation, consistent with the outcome indicators measured, reaching 89.0% and 82.0% of the expected values, respectively; the Information Collection and Nosological/Aetiological Diagnosis components were considered to Fully Implemented at the Recife and Caruaru Death Verification Services; whilst the Education and Research component was only considered to be Fully Implemented at the Recife Death Verification Services. CONCLUSION: level of implementation was similar at both services; the higher level of the Education and Research component at the Recife Death Verification Services reveals the importance of technical and academic cooperation.

Avaliação da implantação dos Serviços de Verificação de Óbito em Pernambuco, 2012: estudo de casos múltiplos / Assessment of Service to verify the cause of death implementation in Pernambuco State, Brazil, 2012: multiple case study / Evaluación de la implantación de Servicios de Verificación de Muerte en Pernambuco, 2012: estudio de múltiples casos

OBJETIVO: avaliar a implantação dos Serviços de Verificação de Óbito (SVO) no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, em 2012. MÉTODOS: pesquisa avaliativa de análise de implantação; elaborou-se modelo lógico e matriz de julgamento; utilizaram-se dados primários (observação direta e entrevistas) e secundários; a avaliação do grau de implantação foi baseada em indicadores de estrutura e processo, relacionados aos resultados e confrontados com o modelo lógico. RESULTADOS: os SVO de Recife e Caruaru alcançaram 89,0% e 82,0% dos valores esperados, respectivamente, e foram considerados como 'Parcialmente Implantado Avançado', de forma coerente com os indicadores de resultado aferidos; os componentes Coleta de Informação e Diagnóstico Nosológico/Etiológico obtiveram grau 'Implantado' nos SVO/Recife e SVO/Caruaru; o componente Ensino e Pesquisa obteve o grau 'Implantado' somente no SVO/Recife. CONCLUSÃO: houve semelhança no grau de implantação nos dois serviços; o maior grau de implantação do componente Ensino e Pesquisa no SVO/Recife revela a importância da cooperação técnico-acadêmica.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the implementation of Death Verification Services in Pernambuco State, Brazil, in 2012. METHODS: this was an implementation analysis evaluation study; we constructed a logical framework and judgement matrix were prepared; primary data (direct observation and interviews) and secondary data were used; assessment of the level of Death Verification Services implementation was based on outcome-related structure and process indicators which were compared with the logical framework. RESULTS: the Recife and Caruaru Death Verification Services were considered to have achieved Advanced Partial Implementation, consistent with the outcome indicators measured, reaching 89.0% and 82.0% of the expected values, respectively; the Information Collection and Nosological/Aetiological Diagnosis components were considered to Fully Implemented at the Recife and Caruaru Death Verification Services; whilst the Education and Research component was only considered to be Fully Implemented at the Recife Death Verification Services. CONCLUSION: level of implementation was similar at both services; the higher level of the Education and Research component at the Recife Death Verification Services reveals the importance of technical and academic cooperation.

OBJETIVO: evaluar la implantación de Servicios de Verificación de Muerte (SVM) en Pernambuco, Brasil, 2012. MÉTODOS: investigación evaluativa sobre análisis de implantación. Fue desarrollado el modelo lógico y matriz de juicio; se obtuvieron datos primarios (observación directa y entrevista) y secundarios; la evaluación del grado de implantación fue basado en los indicadores de estructura y proceso, relacionados con los resultados, comparándolos con el modelo lógico. RESULTADOS: los SVM Recife y Caruaru alcanzaron el 89,0% y 82,0% de los valores previstos, respectivamente, y se consideraron parcialmente implantados avanzados, coherentemente con los indicadores de resultados medidos; los componentes Recolección de Información, Diagnóstico Nosológico/Etiológico y Enseñanza e Investigación llegaron al grado implantado en SVM/Recife y en SVM/Caruaru solo losd os primeros, el componente Enseñanza e Investigación resultó no implantado. CONCLUSIÓN: hay una similitud en el grado de implantación de los dos servicios; el mayor grado de implantación del componente Enseñanza e Investigación en SVO/Recife revela la importancia de la cooperación técnica y académica.

A comparative study of the areas of osteochondral defects produced in femoral condyles of rabbits treated with sugar cane biopolymer gel.

PURPOSE: To assess the histological response of damaged osteochondral tissue in the femoral condyles of rabbits after repairing the wounds with sugar cane biopolymer gel - compared to the control group. METHODS: The study investigated 16 New Zealand rabbits, at 90, 120 and 180 days after surgery. In all the animals, a lesion of 3.2 mm in diameter and 4 mm deep was induced in each right and left femoral condyle. Each animal has provided both knees, divided into medial and lateral condyle, resulting in 64 samples. 32 knees were divided into two groups: Right knee, medial and lateral condyles, filled with biopolymer; Left knee, medial and lateral condyles, unfilled. The anatomical specimens were removed, and subjected to histological techniques and morphometric and statistical analysis. RESULTS: In all the periods of the group under study an inflammatory reaction mediated by giant cells and mononuclear cells was found, while in the control group there was early healing produced by fibroblasts and few mononuclear cells with statistical significance between groups. CONCLUSION: The biopolymer gel caused an inflammatory reaction mediated by giant cells and mononuclear cells while the control group there was cicatrization mediated by fibroblasts.

A comparative study of the areas of osteochondral defects produced in femoral condyles of rabbits treated with sugar cane biopolymer gel

PURPOSE: To assess the histological response of damaged osteochondral tissue in the femoral condyles of rabbits after repairing the wounds with sugar cane biopolymer gel - compared to the control group. METHODS: The study investigated 16 New Zealand rabbits, at 90, 120 and 180 days after surgery. In all the animals, a lesion of 3.2 mm in diameter and 4 mm deep was induced in each right and left femoral condyle. Each animal has provided both knees, divided into medial and lateral condyle, resulting in 64 samples. 32 knees were divided into two groups: Right knee, medial and lateral condyles, filled with biopolymer; Left knee, medial and lateral condyles, unfilled. The anatomical specimens were removed, and subjected to histological techniques and morphometric and statistical analysis. RESULTS: In all the periods of the group under study an inflammatory reaction mediated by giant cells and mononuclear cells was found, while in the control group there was early healing produced by fibroblasts and few mononuclear cells with statistical significance between groups. CONCLUSION: The biopolymer gel caused an inflammatory reaction mediated by giant cells and mononuclear cells while the control group there was cicatrization mediated by fibroblasts.

Effectiveness of histology and cytology on musculoskeletal tumor diagnosis

OBJECTIVE: To compare cytology and histology on the diagnosis of musculoskeletal neoplasms. METHOD: Fifty eight cases available to evaluation were analyzed both by cytology and histology. The results of the biopsies studied by histology and cytology were compared to the results obtained on the surgical specimen or immunohistochemistry. We determined the percentage of correct results, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy of each method. RESULTS: Twelve per cent of biopsies were inconclusive by cytology. The percentage of correct diagnosis was 70.7% and 81% (p=.179), the ability to differentiate benign lesions from malignant ones was 84.5% and 93.1% (p=0.18) respectively, for cytology and histology. Cytology showed sensitivity of 87.8%, specificity of 76.5%, positive predictive value of 90%, negative predictive value of 72% and accuracy 84.5%. Histology showed sensitivity of 90.2%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, negative predictive value of 81% and accuracy of 93.1%. The Youden index for cytology was 64.3% and for histology it was 90.2%. CONCLUSION: Despite promising, cytology obtained by thin needle aspiration is less accurate and reliable than the histological evaluation on musculoskeletal tumors diagnosis. Level of Evidence II, Diagnostic Studies. .

Contaminação tumoral em trajeto de biópsia de tumores ósseos malignos primários / Tumor contamination in the biopsy path of primary malignant bone tumors

OBJETIVO: Estudar os fatores possivelmente associados à contaminação tumoral do trajeto de biópsia de tumores ósseos malignos primários. MÉTODO: Foram estudados, retrospectivamente, 35 pacientes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico com diagnóstico de osteossarcoma, tumor de Ewing e condrossarcoma. A amostra foi analisada para caracterização quanto à técnica de biópsia empregada, tipo histológico do tumor, realização de quimioterapia neoadjuvante, ocorrência de recidiva local e contaminação tumoral no trajeto da biópsia. RESULTADOS: Nos 35 pacientes avaliados ocorreram quatro contaminações (11,43%). Um caso era de osteossarcoma, dois casos de tumor de Ewing e um caso de condrossarcoma, não se observando associação entre o tipo de tumor e a presença de contaminação tumoral no trajeto da biópsia (p = 0,65). Também não se observou associação entre a presença de contaminação tumoral e a técnica de biópsia (p = 0,06). Por outro lado, observou-se associação entre a presença de contaminação tumoral e a ocorrência de recidiva local (p = 0,01) e entre a presença de contaminação e a não realização de quimioterapia neoadjuvante (p = 0,02). CONCLUSÃO: A contaminação tumoral no trajeto de biópsia de tumores ósseos malignos primários esteve associada à ocorrência de recidiva local. Por outro lado, não mostrou ser influenciada pelo tipo de biópsia realizada e pelo tipo histológico de tumor estudado. A quimioterapia neoadjuvante mostrou um efeito protetor contra esta complicação. A despeito desses achados, a contaminação tumoral é uma complicação que deve sempre ser considerada, sendo recomendada a remoção do trajeto da biópsia na cirurgia de ressecção do tumor.

OBJECTIVE: To study factors possibly associated with tumor contamination in the biopsy path of primary malignant bone tumors. METHOD: Thirty-five patients who underwent surgical treatment with diagnoses of osteosarcoma, Ewing's tumor and chondrosarcoma were studied retrospectively. The sample was analyzed to characterize the biopsy technique used, histological type of the tumor, neoadjuvant chemotherapy used, local recurrences and tumor contamination in the biopsy path. RESULTS: Among the 35 patients studied, four cases of contamination occurred (11.43%): one from osteosarcoma, two from Ewing's tumor and one from chondrosarcoma. There was no association between the type of tumor and presence of tumor contamination in the biopsy path (p = 0.65). There was also no association between the presence of tumor contamination and the biopsy technique (p = 0.06). On the other hand, there were associations between the presence of tumor contamination and local recurrence (p = 0.01) and between tumor contamination and absence of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Tumor contamination in the biopsy path of primary malignant bone tumors was associated with local recurrence. On the other hand, the histological type of the tumor and the type of biopsy did not have an influence on tumor contamination. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy had a protective effect against this complication. Despite these findings, tumor contamination is a complication that should always be taken into consideration, and removal of the biopsy path is recommended in tumor resection surgery.

[Left and right ventricular hypertrophy at autopsy of hypertensive individuals]. / Hipertrofia cardíaca esquerda e direita em necropsias de hipertensos.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the right and left ventricular thickness in deceased individuals with a history of hypertension submitted to clinical autopsies. METHODS: We selected 90 cases from the Death Verification Service of the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, of both sexes, with a history of essential arterial hypertension related to heart wall thickness, in addition to correlation with autopsy findings and other clinical reports. RESULTS: There was a significant association between the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and between severe hypertensive cardiomyopathy and RVH. There was a predominance of RVH and LVH in men aged 60-79 years and a higher prevalence in the Brazilian mulatto and Black ethnic groups and in those with adequate nutritional status or overweight and obese individuals. CONCLUSION: It was observed that the presence of RVH was related to LVH, suggesting that there are similar pathogenic factors involved in the development of bilateral hypertrophy. The RVH seems to be associated with more severe heart disease and may, based on other studies, be considered as a new prognostic factor in the evaluation of hypertensive patients.

Hipertrofia cardíaca esquerda e direita em necropsias de hipertensos / Left and right ventricular hypertrophy at autopsy of hypertensive individuals

OBJETIVO: Medir a espessura ventricular direita e esquerda em falecidos com história de hipertensão arterial, submetidos a necropsias clínicas. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados 90 casos do Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos de Recife -PE, de ambos os sexos, com história de hipertensão arterial essencial, com relação à espessura das paredes cardíacas, além da correlação com outros achados de necropsia e informes clínicos. RESULTADOS: Observouse associação significativa entre a presença de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) e direita (HVD), e de cardiopatia hipertensiva grave e HVD. Houve predomínio da HVD e HVE em homens, na faixa etária dos 60-79 anos, com maior prevalência nas etnias parda e negra, e naqueles com estado nutricional adequado ou com sobrepeso e em obesos. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se que a presença de HVD relaciona-se com HVE, sugerindo que há fatores patogênicos semelhantes envolvidos no desenvolvimento da hipertrofia bilateral. A HVD parece associar-se à doença cardíaca mais grave, podendo, a partir de outros estudos, ser considerada novo fator prognóstico na avaliação dos pacientes hipertensos.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the right and left ventricular thickness in deceased individuals with a history of hypertension submitted to clinical autopsies. METHODS: We selected 90 cases from the Death Verification Service of the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, of both sexes, with a history of essential arterial hypertension related to heart wall thickness, in addition to correlation with autopsy findings and other clinical reports. RESULTS: There was a significant association between the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and between severe hypertensive cardiomyopathy and RVH. There was a predominance of RVH and LVH in men aged 60-79 years and a higher prevalence in the Brazilian mulatto and Black ethnic groups and in those with adequate nutritional status or overweight and obese individuals. CONCLUSION: It was observed that the presence of RVH was related to LVH, suggesting that there are similar pathogenic factors involved in the development of bilateral hypertrophy. The RVH seems to be associated with more severe heart disease and may, based on other studies, be considered as a new prognostic factor in the evaluation of hypertensive patients.

O papel da citologia no diagnóstico das neoplasias músculo-esqueléticas: revisão sistemática / The role of cytology in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal neoplasms: systematic review

Os autores revisaram sistematicamente a literatura da última década sobre o papel ocupado pela citologia na avaliação das neoplasias músculo-esqueléticas e sua precisão diagnóstica. Foi realizada uma consulta nas bases de dados PubMed, MEDLINE, LILACS e SciELO, que utilizassem a citologia no diagnóstico das lesões músculo-esqueléticas . Foram utilizados limites para os idiomas inglês, espanhol e português. e artigos publicados a partir de 2000. Foram resgatados 757 artigos, dos quais 24 foram selecionados com a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Concluiu-se que apesar de promissora na avaliação das lesões músculo-esqueléticas, a citologia obtida por punção por agulha fina é menos precisa e confiável do que a avaliação histológica na avaliação dessas lesões.

The authors systematically reviewed the literature of the last decade on the role of cytology in theevaluation of musculoskeletal neoplasms, and its diagnostic accuracy. A search was carried out on the databases PubMed, MEDLINE, LILACS and SciELO, selecting articles in which cytology was used in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal neoplasms. Limits(Boolean operators?) were used for English, Spanish and Portuguese, and only articles published since2000 were selected. 757 articles were retrieved, 24 of which were selected based on criteria of inclusion and exclusion. It was concluded that although promising in the assessment of musculoskeletal neoplasms, cytology obtained by fine needle aspiration is less accurate and reliable than histological evaluation of such lesions.

Comparative study of the areas of osteochondral defects produced in the femoral condyles of rabbits treated with gel of sugarcane biopolymer / Estudo comparativo das áreas de defeitos osteocondrais produzidas nos côndilos femorais de coelhos tratados com gel de biopolímero de cana

PURPOSE: To measure the healed areas of osteochondral defects produced in femoral condyles of rabbits filled with biopolymer sugar cane gel and to compare these with those of the control group at 90, 120 and 180 days. METHODS: A study was made of 16 New Zealand rabbits, 6 and 7 months old, weighing between 2 and 2.5 kg. Defects of 3.2 x 4 mm were made, with trephine, in the femoral condyles of the right and left knees. As to the study group defects of the medial and lateral condyles of the right knee were used which were filled with Biopolymer Sugar Cane Gel; as to the Control Group defects of the medial and lateral condyles of the left t knees were used which were left open for natural healing. The defects were analyzed at 90, 120 and 180 days after surgery. After euthanasia, the knees were removed and fixed in Bouin's solution for later digital photographic documentation with a digital camera. The areas healed were measured in both the study and control groups using the images obtained from an Image-J® program. Statistical analysis was conducted using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the means of the healed areas in the study and control groups at 90, 120 and 180 days after surgery. CONCLUSION: The dimension of the healed areas of the defects treated with the biopolymer sugar-cane gel in the study group was similar to those of the control group, which healed naturally.

OBJETIVO: Mensurar as áreas cicatrizadas dos defeitos osteocondrais produzidos em côndilos femorais de coelhos preenchidos com gel de biopolímero da cana-de-açúcar e comparar com o grupo controle nos períodos de 90, 120 e 180 dias. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados, 16 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia com seis a sete meses de idade, entre 2,0 e 2,5 kg de peso. Foram feitos, com trefina, defeitos de 3,2 x 4 mm nos côndilos femorais dos joelhos direito e esquerdo. Como grupo de estudo foram utilizados os defeitos dos côndilos medial e lateral dos joelhos direito que foram preenchidos com gel de biopolímero da cana-de-açucar. Como grupo controle foram utilizados os defeitos dos côndilos medial e lateral dos joelhos esquerdos que foram deixados abertos para cicatrização natural. Os defeitos foram analisados nos períodos de 90, 120 e 180 dias após a cirurgia. Após a eutanásia, os joelhos foram retirados e fixados em solução de Bouin para posterior documentação fotográfica com maquina digital Nikon Coopix® 5400. As áreas cicatrizadas foram mensuradas nos grupos estudo e controle, através das imagens obtidas com o programa Image-J®. A análise estatística foi feita aplicando-se o teste não paramétrico Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças significantes entre as médias das áreas cicatrizadas nos grupos estudo e controle nos períodos de 90, 120 e 180 dias após a cirurgia. CONCLUSÃO: A dimensão das áreas cicatrizadas dos defeitos tratados com o gel do biopolímero da cana-de-açúcar, grupo de estudo foi semelhante as do grupo controle, cicatrizadas naturalmente.

Estudo comparativo macroscópico dos defeitos osteocondrais produzidos em fêmures de coelhos preenchidos com gel de biopolímero da cana-de-açúcar / Comparative macroscopic study of osteochondral defects produced in femurs of rabbits repaired with biopolymer gel cane sugar

OBJETIVO: Estudar a superfície, coloração, continuidade, consistência e cicatrização dos defeitos osteocondrais produzidos em côndilos femorais de coelhos preenchidos com o gel de biopolímero da cana-de-açúcar (GBPCA) nos períodos de 90, 120 e 180 dias e comparar com o grupo Controle. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 16 coelhos, adultos entre seis e sete meses, da raça Nova Zelândia, brancos,, com peso variando entre 2 e 2,5kg e sem alterações no aparelho locomotor. Em todos os animais foi feito um defeito com trefina com 3,2mm de diâmetro por 4mm de profundidade nos côndilos femorais dos joelhos direito e esquerdo. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: Estudo - joelho direito, côndilos medial e lateral, preenchimento com GBPCA; Controle - joelho esquerdo, côndilos medial e lateral, submetidos à cicatrização natural e analisados nos períodos de 90, 120 e 180 dias após a cirurgia. Após a eutanásia, ressecaram-se as peças anatômicas, que foram imersas em solução de Bouin, para posterior fotografia com câmara Nikon Coolpix 5400® acoplada a lupa estereoscópica Nikon SM2800® para análise da superfície, coloração, consistência, continuidade e cicatrização. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados pelo teste do Qui-quadrado. Não houve diferenças significantes na avaliação macroscópica da cicatrização entre os grupos Estudo e Controle. CONCLUSÃO: No que se refere à superfície, coloração, consistência, continuidade e cicatrização dos defeitos, a macroscopia do tecido reparado com GBPCA se mostrou semelhante à do grupo Controle.

OBJECTIVE: To study the surface, coloring, consistency, continuity and healing of osteochondral defects produced in the femoral condyles of rabbits and filled with sugar cane biopolymer gel (SCBG), after 90, 120 and 180 days, and in comparison with a control group. METHOD: Sixteen adult New Zealand white rabbits aged 6 to 7 months, weighing between 2 and 2.5 kg and without locomotor system abnormalities were studied. In all the animals, a defect was made in the femoral condyles of the right and left knees, measuring 3.2 mm in diameter and 4 mm in depth, using a trephine. The animals were divided into two groups: study group formed by the right knees, in which the medial and lateral condyles received implants of SCBG; and control group formed by the left knees, in which the medial and lateral condyles were allowed to heal naturally. The knees were assessed 90, 120 and 180 days after the operation. After the animals had been sacrificed, the anatomical specimens were resected and placed in Bouin's solution. They were then photographed with a Nikon Coolpix 5400® coupled to a Nikon SM2800® stereoscopic loupe, to analyze the surface, coloring, consistency, continuity and healing. RESULTS: The results were evaluated using the chi-square test. There were no significant differences in the macroscopic assessments of healing between the study and control groups. CONCLUSION: With regard to the surface, coloring, consistency, continuity and healing of the defects, the macroscopic appearance of the tissue repaired with SCBG was similar to that of the control group.

Comparative study of the areas of osteochondral defects produced in the femoral condyles of rabbits treated with gel of sugarcane biopolymer.

PURPOSE: To measure the healed areas of osteochondral defects produced in femoral condyles of rabbits filled with biopolymer sugar cane gel and to compare these with those of the control group at 90, 120 and 180 days. METHODS: A study was made of 16 New Zealand rabbits, 6 and 7 months old, weighing between 2 and 2.5 kg. Defects of 3.2 x 4 mm were made, with trephine, in the femoral condyles of the right and left knees. As to the study group defects of the medial and lateral condyles of the right knee were used which were filled with Biopolymer Sugar Cane Gel; as to the Control Group defects of the medial and lateral condyles of the left t knees were used which were left open for natural healing. The defects were analyzed at 90, 120 and 180 days after surgery. After euthanasia, the knees were removed and fixed in Bouin's solution for later digital photographic documentation with a digital camera. The areas healed were measured in both the study and control groups using the images obtained from an Image-J(®) program. Statistical analysis was conducted using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the means of the healed areas in the study and control groups at 90, 120 and 180 days after surgery. CONCLUSION: The dimension of the healed areas of the defects treated with the biopolymer sugar-cane gel in the study group was similar to those of the control group, which healed naturally.

Correlação entre o envelhecimento e as dimensões das pregas vocais / Correlation between aging and vocal folds' dimensions

OBJETIVO: avaliar as dimensões das pregas vocais em ambos os sexos e correlacioná-las com o envelhecimento. MÉTODO: foram estudados 30 cadáveres (15 mulheres e 15 homens) na faixa etária de 60 a 102 anos. Para isto foram seguidas quatro etapas sequenciais: 1ª) História clínica do cadáver; 2ª) Remoção da laringe; 3ª) Dissecação da laringe; 4ª) Morfometria das dimensões das pregas vocais. Trata-se de um estudo experimental. RESULTADOS: o comprimento da prega vocal masculina com média de 15,90 mm foi maior que o da feminina com 10,39 mm. A largura da prega vocal masculina foi maior com média de 2,37 mm que a feminina com 2,31 mm. A média geral da espessura também foi maior no sexo masculino com média de 2,55 mm em comparação com a feminina com 2,38 mm. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre a idade e o comprimento, largura e espessura das pregas vocais em ambos os sexos. CONCLUSÃO: as dimensões de comprimento, largura e espessura das pregas vocais foram maiores no sexo masculino. Entretanto, não houve diferença, estatisticamente significante, entre as três dimensões das pregas vocais durante o envelhecimento em ambos os sexos.

PURPOSE: to evaluate the dimensions of vocal folds in both genders and correlate them with aging. METHOD: we studied 30 cadavers (15 men and 15 women) from 60 to 102 year-old. For this purpose we followed four steps: 1st) History of the body; 2nd) Removal of the larynx, 3rd) Dissection of the larynx, 4th) Morphometry for the dimensions of the vocal folds. This is an experimental study. RESULTS: the length of the vocal male with an average of 15.90 mm was higher than the female with 10.39 mm. The width of the male vocal was higher with an average of 2.37 mm to 2.31 mm with a female. The overall average thickness was also higher in males with an average of 2.55 mm compared with women with 2.38 mm. No differences were found among age and the length, width and thickness of the vocal folds in both genders. CONCLUSION: the dimensions of length, width and thickness of the vocal folds were higher in males. But, there was no statistically significant difference among the three dimensions of the vocal folds during aging in both genders.

Citologia esfoliativa convencional versus citologia em meio líquido para prevenção e diagnóstico precoce do carcinoma escamo celular (CEC) oral / Conventional cytology versus liquid-based cytology for prevention and early diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC)

Objetivando avaliar a concordância, sensibilidade e especificidade diagnóstica dos métodos citológicos:convencional e em meio líquido, foi realizado um estudo de caso-controle, no Ambulatório deCabeça e Pescoço do Hospital de Câncer de Pernambuco, sendo selecionados 182 indivíduos doentese 179 sãos, no período de setembro de 2002 a janeiro de 2004, os quais, permitiram através de assinatura de termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido a realização de exames (clínico/ citológicoesfoliativo - cytobrush) na área carcinomatosa e em área sã, constituindo, respectivamente, o grupo de casos e controles. Os dados obtidos foram analisados através dos softwares estatísticos SPSS(Statistical Package for Social Science) e Epi-Info versão 6.4. Os resultados evidenciaram que os métodosdiagnósticos citológicos apresentaram entre os casos: sensibilidade= 96,9% (IC= 95%: 92,5% a98,8%); especificidade= 75,0% (IC= 95%: 21,9% a 98,7%) e acurácia= 96,3% (IC=95%: 92,5% a 98,5%);e entre os controles: sensibilidade= 91,0% (IC=95%: 84,1% a 95,2%); especificidade = 57,5% (IC=95%:41,0% a 72,6%) e acurácia= 82,7% (IC=95%: 76,3% a 88,0%). A citologia convencional e em base--líquida apresentaram concordância com o diagnóstico histopatológico em mais de 90%. Conclui-se, portanto, que, se bem indicado e executado, o exame citológico pode ser utilizado rotineiramente como exame complementar, pois ambos apresentaram alta sensibilidade e razoável especificidade,cabendo à citologia convencional maior especificidade para o diagnóstico das lesões orais.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and concordance between conventionalcytology and liquid-based cytology. A case-control study was developed at the Head andNeck ambulatory service of Hospital do Cancer de Pernambuco. A hundred and eighty-two patientswith primary Oral Squamous Cellular Carcinoma (OSCC) (case group) and 179 individuals with normalbuccal mucosa (control group) were selected, from September 2002 to January 2004. They agreed tobe submitted to clinical examination and exfoliative cytology of the oral cavity, by signing a documentof consent. The data were analysed by Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and Epi-Info 6.4 program.Among the cases, the cytologic methods demontrated a sensitivity= 96.9% (IC= 95%: 92.5% to98.8%), specificity= 75.0% (IC=95%: 21.9% to 98.7%), and accuracy= 96.3% (IC=95%: 92.5% to 98.5%).Among the controls the results were: sensitivity= 91.0% (IC=95%: 84.1% to 95.2%);, specificity= 57.5%(IC=95%: 41.0% to 72.6%), and accuracy= 82.7% (IC=95%: 76.3% to 88.0%). Conventional cytologyand liquid-based cytology demonstrated a diagnostic concordance with histopathology of more than90%. In conclusion if properly indicated and executed, they can be routinely used as complementarydiagnostic methods. When compared to each other, conventional cytology and liquid-based cytologyshowed a high sensitivity and reasonable specificity, conventional cytology having higher specificity.

Quantitative study of Langerhans cells in basal cell carcinoma with higher or lower potential of local aggressiveness.

BACKGROUNDS: Basal cell carcinoma affects areas of the body that have been exposed to the sun, and this disorder has different clinical and histopathologic presentations. Some of these forms have a higher potential of local aggressiveness, while others have a lower potential. Langerhans cells actively participate in the skin immune system. OBJECTIVES: To quantitatively evaluate the number of Langerhans cells on the epidermis of basal cell carcinoma with lower and higher potential of local aggressiveness and on adjacent normal epidermis. METHODOLOGY: The authors divided the sample into two groups with 14 histological slides each: one with basal cell carcinoma with lower potential of local aggressiveness and the other with basal cell carcinoma with higher potential of local aggressiveness. Immunohistochemistry with S-100 protein was used in the identification of Langerhans Cells. Langerhans cells present in 7 microscopic fields were counted using optical microscopy (400X magnification) and Weibel's morphometric grade. The mean for each lamina was obtained. Wilcoxon's statistical test was employed. RESULTS: In the group with lower potential of local aggressiveness, there was a significant increase in the number of Langerhans cells in the adjacent normal epidermis, as compared with the number of cells in the epidermis superposed to the basal cell carcinoma (pd 0.05). There was no significant statistical difference in the group with higher potential of local aggressiveness (p >0.05). CONCLUSION: The higher number of Langerhans cells in the normal epidermis adjacent to the tumoral lesion with lower potential of local aggressiveness could indicate greater immunological resistance of the epidermis, thus limiting the aggressiveness of the neoplasm.

Estudo quantitativo das células de Langerhans em carcinomas basocelulares com maior e menor potencial de agressividade local / Quantitative study of Langerhans cells in basal cell carcinoma with higher or lower potential of local aggressiveness

FUNDAMENTOS - O carcinoma basocelular localiza-se principalmente em áreas expostas ao sol, apresentando formas clínicas e histológicas diferentes, algumas com grande e outras com pequena agressividade local. Células de Langerhans participam ativamente do sistema imune da pele. OBJETIVO - Avaliar quantitativamente as células de Langerhans sobrepostas aos carcinomas basocelulares de maior e menor potencial de agressividade local, assim como nas respectivas epidermes sãs adjacentes. MÉTODOS - Dois grupos com 14 preparações histológicas cada. No primeiro, carcinoma basocelular de menor potencial de agressividade local e, no segundo, carcinoma basocelular de maior potencial. Empregou-se a imunoistoquímica com proteína S100 para identificação das células de Langerhans. Utilizando microscópio óptico em aumento de 400 vezes e a grade morfométrica de Weibel, foram contadas as células de Langerhans presentes em sete campos, obtendo-se a média em cada lâmina. Foi utilizado teste estatístico de Wilcoxon para análise estatística. RESULTADOS - No grupo de menor potencial de agressividade local, na epiderme sã adjacente houve aumento significativo no número de células de Langerhans comparado ao da epiderme sobreposta ao carcinoma basocelular (p d 0,05). No grupo de maior potencial de agressividade local, não houve diferença com significado estatístico (p > 0,05). CONCLUSÃO - O maior número de células de Langerhans na epiderme sã vizinha à lesão tumoral de menor potencial de agressividade local poderia representar uma maior resistência imunológica da epiderme, limitando a agressividade da neoplasia.

BACKGROUNDS - Basal cell carcinoma affects areas of the body that have been exposed to the sun, and this disorder has different clinical and histopathologic presentations. Some of these forms have a higher potential of local aggressiveness, while others have a lower potential. Langerhans cells actively participate in the skin immune system. OBJECTIVES - To quantitatively evaluate the number of Langerhans cells on the epidermis of basal cell carcinoma with lower and higher potential of local aggressiveness and on adjacent normal epidermis. METHODOLOGY - The authors divided the sample into two groups with 14 histological slides each: one with basal cell carcinoma with lower potential of local aggressiveness and the other with basal cell carcinoma with higher potential of local aggressiveness. Immunohistochemistry with S-100 protein was used in the identification of Langerhans Cells. Langerhans cells present in 7 microscopic fields were counted using optical microscopy (400X magnification) and Weibel's morphometric grade. The mean for each lamina was obtained. Wilcoxon's statistical test was employed. RESULTS - In the group with lower potential of local aggressiveness, there was a significant increase in the number of Langerhans cells in the adjacent normal epidermis, as compared with the number of cells in the epidermis superposed to the basal cell carcinoma (pd 0.05). There was no significant statistical difference in the group with higher potential of local aggressiveness (p >0.05). CONCLUSION - The higher number of Langerhans cells in the normal epidermis adjacent to the tumoral lesion with lower potential of local aggressiveness could indicate greater immunological resistance of the epidermis, thus limiting the aggressiveness of the neoplasm.